Korean Dictionary · Level C1

Korean C1 Vocabulary

All 819 CEFR C1 words, each with romanization, meaning, and an example sentence.

• 통찰력 tongchallyeok — insight
• 역설 yeokseol — paradox
• 모순 mosun — contradiction
• 편향 pyeonhyang — bias
• 타당성 tadangseong — validity
• 객관성 gaekgwanseong — objectivity
• 주관성 jugwanseong — subjectivity
• 함의 hamui — implication
• 논란 nollan — controversy
• 쟁점 jaengjeom — point of contention
• 담론 damnon — discourse
• 여론 yeoron — public opinion
• 통념 tongnyeom — conventional wisdom
• 고정관념 gojeong-gwannyeom — stereotype
• 편협함 pyeonhyeopham — narrow-mindedness
• 함축 hamchuk — connotation
• 전제 jeonje — premise
• 논거 non-geo — grounds for an argument
• 논리 nolli — logic
• 추론 churon — inference
• 반박 banbak — rebuttal
• 반증 banjeung — disproof / counterevidence
• 근거 geun-geo — basis / evidence
• 개연성 gaeyeonseong — plausibility
• 필연성 piryeonseong — inevitability
• 우연성 uyeonseong — contingency / randomness
• 보편성 bopyeonseong — universality
• 특수성 teuksuseong — particularity
• 상대성 sangdaeseong — relativity
• 이념 inyeom — ideology
• 신념 sinnyeom — conviction
• 가치관 gachigwan — set of values
• 세계관 segyegwan — worldview
• 관점 gwanjeom — standpoint
• 시각 sigak — viewpoint
• 맥락 maengnak — context
• 전환 jeonhwan — shift / conversion
• 규범 gyubeom — norm
• 제도 jedo — institution / system
• 관행 gwanhaeng — customary practice
• 폐단 pyedan — abuse / harmful practice
• 병폐 byeongpye — chronic social ill
• 소외 soeoe — alienation / marginalization
• 격차 gyeokcha — gap / disparity
• 양극화 yanggeukhwa — polarization
• 계층 gyecheung — social stratum
• 기득권 gideukgwon — vested interests
• 이해관계 ihaegwan-gye — stake / vested interest
• 왜곡 waegok — distortion
• 은유 eunyu — metaphor
• 완곡어법 wan-gokeobeop — euphemism
• 성향 seonghyang — disposition / leaning
• 자의성 jauiseong — arbitrariness
• 회의론 hoeuiron — skepticism
• 낙관론 nakgwallon — optimistic view
• 비관론 bigwallon — pessimistic view
• 정당화 jeongdanghwa — justification
• 합리화 hamnihwa — rationalization
• 수반하다 subanhada — to entail / accompany
• 규명하다 gyumyeonghada — to elucidate / ascertain
• 표방하다 pyobanghada — to profess / advocate openly
• 간주하다 ganjuhada — to regard as
• 전락하다 jeollakada — to degenerate into
• 부합하다 buhapada — to conform to / match
• 상응하다 sang-eunghada — to correspond to
• 기인하다 giinhada — to originate from
• 직결되다 jikgyeoldoeda — to be directly linked
• 귀결되다 gwigyeoldoeda — to result in
• 촉발하다 chokbalhada — to trigger
• 촉진하다 chokjinhada — to promote / accelerate
• 저해하다 jeohaehada — to hinder
• 훼손하다 hwesonhada — to damage / impair
• 고수하다 gosuhada — to adhere firmly to
• 관철하다 gwancheolhada — to carry through
• 철회하다 cheolhoehada — to withdraw / retract
• 번복하다 beonbokada — to reverse (a statement)
• 표명하다 pyomyeonghada — to express (a position)
• 천명하다 cheonmyeonghada — to declare (publicly)
• 역설하다 yeokseolhada — to emphasize strongly
• 설파하다 seolpahada — to expound / preach
• 논박하다 nonbakada — to refute
• 입증하다 ipjeunghada — to prove / substantiate
• 논증하다 nonjeunghada — to demonstrate by argument
• 규정하다 gyujeonghada — to define / stipulate
• 천착하다 cheonchakada — to delve deeply into
• 고찰하다 gochalhada — to examine / consider closely
• 조명하다 jomyeonghada — to shed light on
• 부각되다 bugakdoeda — to come to the fore
• 대두하다 daeduhada — to emerge (as an issue)
• 만연하다 manyeonhada — to be rampant
• 잠식하다 jamsikada — to encroach on
• 결부되다 gyeolbudoeda — to be tied to
• 봉착하다 bongchakada — to run up against
• 감내하다 gamnaehada — to endure
• 지양하다 jiyanghada — to refrain from / eschew
• 지향하다 jihyanghada — to aim for
• 함양하다 hamyanghada — to cultivate (a quality)
• 도모하다 domohada — to seek / promote
• 모색하다 mosaekada — to grope for / explore (a way)
• 강구하다 ganguhada — to devise (measures)
• 타개하다 tagaehada — to break through (an impasse)
• 불식하다 bulsikada — to dispel (doubts)
• 상쇄하다 sangswaehada — to offset
• 감축하다 gamchukada — to cut back / reduce
• 확충하다 hwakchunghada — to expand and reinforce
• 정립하다 jeongnipada — to establish (a concept)
• 구축하다 guchukada — to build (a system)
• 선도하다 seondohada — to lead the way
• 주도하다 judohada — to spearhead
• 동반하다 dongbanhada — to be accompanied by
• 가속화하다 gasokwahada — to accelerate
• 심화되다 simhwadoeda — to deepen / intensify
• 완화되다 wanhwadoeda — to ease / be mitigated
• 반영되다 banyeongdoeda — to be reflected
• 수렴되다 suryeomdoeda — to converge / be gathered
• 표출되다 pyochuldoeda — to be expressed outwardly
• 누적되다 nujeokdoeda — to accumulate
• 고착되다 gochakdoeda — to become entrenched
• 퇴색되다 toesaekdoeda — to fade / lose luster
• 와해되다 wahaedoeda — to fall apart / collapse
• 봉합하다 bonghapada — to paper over / patch up
• 규탄하다 gyutanhada — to denounce
• 옹호하다 onghohada — to defend / advocate
• 묵인하다 muginhada — to tacitly condone
• 배제하다 baejehada — to exclude / rule out
• 국한되다 gukandoeda — to be confined to
• 치부하다 chibuhada — to dismiss as
• 간과하다 ganggwahada — to overlook
• 직시하다 jiksihada — to face squarely
• 성찰하다 seongchalhada — to reflect deeply
• 환기하다 hwan-gihada — to call attention to
• 촉구하다 chokguhada — to urge
• 감안하다 gamanhada — to take into account
• 전제하다 jeonjehada — to presuppose
• 표류하다 pyoryuhada — to drift (aimlessly)
• 답습하다 dapseupada — to follow blindly (precedent)
• 쇄신하다 swaesinhada — to overhaul / renew
• 표적하다 pyojeokada — to target
• 산재하다 sanjaehada — to be scattered about
• 결여되다 gyeoryeodoeda — to be lacking
• 상충하다 sangchunghada — to conflict with
• 병행하다 byeonghaenghada — to carry out in parallel
• 선행하다 seonhaenghada — to precede
• 귀속되다 gwisokdoeda — to be attributed to / belong to
• 대변하다 daebyeonhada — to speak for / represent
• 일축하다 ilchukada — to brush aside
• 타진하다 tajinhada — to sound out
• 선회하다 seonhoehada — to make a turn (in policy)
• 격상되다 gyeoksangdoeda — to be upgraded
• 역행하다 yeokaenghada — to run counter to
• 부응하다 bueunghada — to live up to / meet (expectations)
• 치중하다 chijunghada — to focus disproportionately on
• 전가하다 jeon-gahada — to shift (blame, cost)
• 가늠하다 ganeumhada — to gauge / estimate
• 상정하다 sangjeonghada — to assume / put on the agenda
• 일관하다 ilgwanhada — to be consistent throughout
• 부단하다 budanhada — to be ceaseless
• 양상 yangsang — aspect / pattern
• 실체 silche — substance / true identity
• 허상 heosang — illusion / phantom
• 표상 pyosang — representation / symbol
• 층위 cheung-wi — layer / level (of analysis)
• 국면 gungmyeon — phase / juncture
• 기조 gijo — keynote / basic stance
• 소지 soji — potential (for trouble)
• 표본 pyobon — sample
• 변수 byeonsu — variable
• 상수 sangsu — constant
• 기제 gije — mechanism
• 동인 dong-in — driving factor
• 폐해 pyehae — harmful effects
• 역기능 yeokgineung — dysfunction
• 순기능 sun-gineung — positive function
• 관건 gwan-geon — the key / crux
• 실익 silik — practical benefit
• 표징 pyojing — sign / token
• 징후 jinghu — symptom / omen
• 난맥 nanmaek — tangled disorder
• 난제 nanje — difficult problem
• 현안 hyeonan — pending issue
• 화두 hwadu — topic of the moment
• 논지 nonji — thrust of an argument
• 논조 nonjo — editorial tone
• 서사 seosa — narrative
• 반전 banjeon — plot twist / reversal
• 풍자 pungja — satire
• 해학 haehak — humor / wit (traditional)
• 비유 biyu — figurative comparison
• 직유 jigyu — simile
• 상징 sangjing — symbol
• 심상 simsang — imagery
• 방관 bang-gwan — standing by idly
• 묵인 mugin — tacit approval
• 각성 gakseong — awakening / realization
• 자각 jagak — self-awareness
• 식견 sikgyeon — erudition / informed judgment
• 교양 gyoyang — liberal culture / refinement
• 학식 haksik — learning / scholarship
• 정통 jeongtong — orthodoxy / legitimacy
• 이단 idan — heterodoxy / heresy
• 계보 gyebo — lineage / genealogy
• 관습 gwanseup — custom
• 시류 siryu — current of the times
• 조류 joryu — tide / current (figurative)
• 국제화 gukjehwa — internationalization
• 세속화 sesokwa — secularization
• 입법 ipbeop — legislation
• 사법 sabeop — the judiciary
• 헌법 heonbeop — constitution
• 법령 beomnyeong — statutes and ordinances
• 조항 johang — clause / article
• 판례 pallye — judicial precedent
• 제소 jeso — filing suit
• 기소 giso — indictment
• 무혐의 muhyeomui — no charges / cleared
• 항소 hangso — appeal
• 관할 gwanhal — jurisdiction
• 견제 gyeonje — check (on power)
• 탄핵 tanhaek — impeachment
• 개헌 gaeheon — constitutional amendment
• 부결 bugyeol — rejection (of a bill)
• 가결 gagyeol — approval (of a bill)
• 발의 barui — sponsoring a bill
• 표결 pyogyeol — voting
• 정족수 jeongjoksu — quorum
• 연정 yeonjeong — coalition government
• 야당 yadang — opposition party
• 여당 yeodang — ruling party
• 정파 jeongpa — political faction
• 선거구 seon-geogu — electoral district
• 투표율 tupyoyul — voter turnout
• 민의 minui — the will of the people
• 주권 jugwon — sovereignty
• 자치 jachi — self-governance
• 분권 bun-gwon — decentralization of power
• 관료제 gwallyoje — bureaucracy
• 공권력 gonggwollyeok — state authority / public power
• 치안 chian — public order / security
• 조약 joyak — treaty
• 비준 bijun — ratification
• 무역수지 muyeoksuji — trade balance
• 재정 jaejeong — public finance
• 세수 sesu — tax revenue
• 조세 jose — taxation
• 감세 gamse — tax cut
• 국채 gukchae — government bond
• 물가상승률 mulgasangseungnyul — inflation rate
• 인플레이션 inpeulleisyeon — inflation
• 경기침체 gyeong-gichimche — recession
• 수요 suyo — demand
• 공급 gonggeup — supply
• 유동성 yudongseong — liquidity
• 채무 chaemu — obligation to pay / debt
• 담보 dambo — collateral
• 투기 tugi — speculation
• 과열 gwayeol — overheating
• 독점 dokjeom — monopoly
• 과점 gwajeom — oligopoly
• 담합 damhap — collusion / price-fixing
• 구조조정 gujojojeong — restructuring
• 인수합병 insuhapbyeong — mergers and acquisitions
• 수익률 suingnyul — rate of return
• 실질임금 siljirimgeum — real wages
• 고용률 goyongnyul — employment rate
• 비정규직 bijeonggyujik — non-regular employment
• 노사 nosa — labor and management
• 단체교섭 danchegyoseop — collective bargaining
• 복지국가 bokjigukga — welfare state
• 사회안전망 sahoeanjeonmang — social safety net
• 재분배 jaebunbae — redistribution
• 공공성 gonggongseong — public interest character
• 민영화 minyeonghwa — privatization
• 예산안 yesanan — budget bill
• 집행 jipaeng — execution / enforcement
• 청렴 cheongnyeom — integrity / incorruptibility
• 가설 gaseol — hypothesis
• 실증 siljeung — empirical demonstration
• 이론화 iyonhwa — theorization
• 모형 mohyeong — model
• 패러다임 paereodaim — paradigm
• 방법론 bangbeomnon — methodology
• 인식론 insingnon — epistemology
• 존재론 jonjaeron — ontology
• 윤리학 yullihak — ethics (discipline)
• 미학 mihak — aesthetics
• 형이상학 hyeong-isanghak — metaphysics
• 변증법 byeonjeungbeop — dialectic
• 귀납 gwinap — induction
• 연역 yeonyeok — deduction
• 명제 myeongje — proposition
• 공리 gongni — axiom
• 정합성 jeonghapseong — coherence / consistency
• 신뢰도 silloedo — reliability
• 재현성 jaehyeonseong — reproducibility
• 유의미 yuuimi — significant / meaningful
• 상관관계 sanggwan-gwan-gye — correlation
• 인과관계 in-gwagwan-gye — causal relationship
• 변인 byeonin — variable (in an experiment)
• 통제 tongje — control
• 관측 gwancheuk — observation (scientific)
• 측정 cheukjeong — measurement
• 정량 jeongnyang — quantitative
• 정성 jeongseong — qualitative
• 도출 dochul — derivation / drawing (a conclusion)
• 시사점 sisajeom — implication / takeaway
• 제약 jeyak — constraint
• 선행연구 seonhaeng-yeon-gu — prior research
• 문헌 munheon — literature / documents
• 표절 pyojeol — plagiarism
• 학술 haksul — academic / scholarly
• 학계 hakgye — academia
• 학파 hakpa — school of thought
• 석학 seokak — eminent scholar
• 권위자 gwonwija — authority (person)
• 융합 yunghap — convergence / fusion
• 분화 bunhwa — differentiation
• 유형화 yuhyeonghwa — typologization
• 추상화 chusanghwa — abstraction
• 명료화 myeongnyohwa — clarification
• 정교화 jeonggyohwa — refinement / elaboration
• 단순화 dansunhwa — simplification
• 최적화 choejeokwa — optimization
• 고도화 godohwa — sophistication / upgrading
• 다변화 dabyeonhwa — diversification
• 획일화 hoegilhwa — uniformization
• 상용화 sang-yonghwa — commercialization
• 가시화 gasihwa — becoming visible / materializing
• 내재화 naejaehwa — internalization
• 외연 oeyeon — extension / scope
• 내포 naepo — intension / connotation
• 총체 chongche — totality
• 부분집합 bubunjipap — subset
• 상호작용 sanghojagyong — interaction
• 역동성 yeokdongseong — dynamism
• 취약성 chwiyakseong — vulnerability
• 온실가스 onsilgaseu — greenhouse gas
• 탄소중립 tansojungnip — carbon neutrality
• 고갈 gogal — depletion
• 남획 namhoek — overfishing / overhunting
• 오염원 oyeom-won — source of pollution
• 정화 jeonghwa — purification
• 감염병 gamyeombyeong — infectious disease
• 임상 imsang — clinical
• 유전자 yujeonja — gene
• 생명윤리 saengmyeong-yulli — bioethics
• 정보격차 jeongbogyeokcha — digital divide
• 익명성 ingmyeongseong — anonymity
• 감시사회 gamsisahoe — surveillance society
• 환멸 hwanmyeol — disillusionment
• 냉소 naengso — cynicism / sneer
• 자조 jajo — self-mockery
• 회한 hoehan — deep regret
• 비애 biae — sorrow / pathos
• 애수 aesu — melancholy
• 적막 jeongmak — desolate silence
• 고독 godok — solitude
• 허무 heomu — nihility / emptiness
• 무력감 muryeokgam — sense of powerlessness
• 자괴감 jagoegam — sense of self-reproach
• 수치심 suchisim — shame
• 숭고 sunggo — sublimity
• 환희 hwanhui — rapture / elation
• 격정 gyeokjeong — violent passion
• 울분 ulbun — pent-up resentment
• 원망 wonmang — resentment / blame
• 적개심 jeokgaesim — hostility
• 경멸 gyeongmyeol — contempt
• 질시 jilsi — envy and resentment
• 선망 seonmang — admiring envy
• 안도 ando — relief
• 초조 chojo — impatient anxiety
• 관대 gwandae — generosity / leniency
• 냉철 naengcheol — cool-headedness
• 신중 sinjung — prudence
• 결연 gyeoryeon — resoluteness
• 완고 wan-go — stubbornness
• 우유부단 uyubudan — indecisiveness
• 무관심 mugwansim — indifference
• 집착 jipchak — obsession / attachment
• 초연 choyeon — detachment / aloofness
• 담담 damdam — composure / matter-of-factness
• 비장 bijang — grim determination
• 관조 gwanjo — contemplation
• 달관 dalgwan — transcendent detachment
• 이내 inae — before long
• 기어이 gieoi — at last / obstinately
• 끝내 kkeutnae — in the end / never (in the end)
• 좀처럼 jomcheoreom — hardly ever
• 도무지 domuji — not at all (with negatives)
• 자못 jamot — considerably / quite
• 사뭇 samut — markedly / quite differently
• 무릇 mureut — generally speaking / as a rule
• 실로 sillo — truly / indeed
• 가히 gahi — quite / arguably
• 응당 eungdang — as one ought to
• 설령 seollyeong — even if
• 비록 birok — although
• 오로지 oroji — solely
• 한낱 hannat — merely / no more than
• 부득이 budeugi — unavoidably
• 급기야 geupgiya — in the end / finally (badly)
• 은연중 eunyeonjung — implicitly / unconsciously
• 필경 pilgyeong — in all likelihood / after all
• 여실히 yeosilhi — vividly / plainly
• 확연히 hwagyeonhi — clearly / distinctly
• 현저히 hyeonjeohi — markedly
• 미묘히 mimyohi — subtly
• 급속히 geupsokhi — rapidly
• 지속적 jisokjeok — continuous
• 간헐적 ganheoljeok — intermittent
• 항구적 hang-gujeok — permanent
• 가시적 gasijeok — visible / tangible
• 잠재적 jamjaejeok — potential / latent
• 구조적 gujojeok — structural
• 본질적 bonjiljeok — essential / fundamental
• 총체적 chongchejeok — comprehensive / total
• 단편적 danpyeonjeok — fragmentary
• 선별적 seonbyeoljeok — selective
• 일방적 ilbangjeok — unilateral
• 상호적 sanghojeok — mutual / reciprocal
• 조작 jojak — manipulation / fabrication
• 선동 seondong — agitation / incitement
• 언론자유 eollonjayu — press freedom
• 공론장 gongnonjang — public sphere
• 숙의 sugui — deliberation
• 이견 igyeon — dissenting opinion
• 결렬 gyeollyeol — breakdown (of talks)
• 타결 tagyeol — settlement
• 교착 gyochak — stalemate
• 대치 daechi — standoff
• 저항 jeohang — resistance
• 연대 yeondae — solidarity
• 결집 gyeoljip — rallying together
• 분열 bunyeol — division / split
• 통합 tonghap — integration
• 동화 donghwa — assimilation
• 이주 iju — migration
• 혐오 hyeomo — hatred / hate (speech)
• 낙인 nagin — stigma
• 존엄 joneom — dignity
• 자유의지 jayuuiji — free will
• 책무 chaengmu — duty / accountability
• 도의 doui — moral duty
• 불의 burui — injustice
• 부조리 bujori — absurdity / irrationality
• 기만 giman — deception
• 진상 jinsang — the truth of a matter
• 전말 jeonmal — the whole story
• 경위 gyeong-wi — circumstances / sequence of events
• 심증 simjeung — moral conviction / suspicion
• 물증 muljeung — physical evidence
• 변론 byeollon — legal argument / defense
• 공방 gongbang — back-and-forth dispute
• 문책 munchaek — calling to account
• 경질 gyeongjil — dismissal and replacement
• 사퇴 satoe — resignation (from post)
• 유임 yuim — retention in office
• 임명 immyeong — appointment
• 인선 inseon — personnel selection
• 장인정신 jang-injeongsin — craftsmanship spirit
• 예술성 yesulseong — artistic merit
• 미완 miwan — incompleteness
• 습작 seupjak — practice work / étude
• 역작 yeokjak — masterwork
• 걸작 geoljak — masterpiece
• 혹평 hokpyeong — harsh criticism
• 호평 hopyeong — favorable review
• 재평가 jaepyeongga — reevaluation
• 고증 gojeung — historical verification
• 사료 saryo — historical source
• 사관 sagwan — view of history
• 격동기 gyeokdonggi — turbulent period
• 태동 taedong — birth / stirrings
• 쇠퇴 soetoe — decline
• 부흥 buheung — revival
• 존속 jonsok — continued existence
• 폐지 pyeji — abolition
• 존치 jonchi — keeping in place
• 개편 gaepyeon — reorganization
• 정비 jeongbi — overhaul / tidying up
• 보완 bowan — supplementation
• 소급 sogeup — retroactivity
• 특례 teungnye — special exception
• 부칙 buchik — supplementary provisions
• 준수 junsu — compliance
• 저촉 jeochok — conflicting with (a law)
• 적법 jeokbeop — legality
• 위법 wibeop — illegality
• 합헌 hapeon — constitutionality
• 무효 muhyo — nullity / invalidity
• 효력 hyoryeok — legal effect
• 발효 balhyo — entry into force
• 이행 ihaeng — fulfillment / performance
• 귀책 gwichaek — attribution of fault
• 면책 myeonchaek — exemption from liability
• 연대책임 yeondaechaegim — joint liability
• 구제 guje — remedy / relief
• 권익 gwonik — rights and interests
• 실효성 silhyoseong — effectiveness in practice
• 당위성 dang-wiseong — normative necessity
• 정당성 jeongdangseong — legitimacy
• 합목적성 hammokjeokseong — purposiveness / fitness to purpose
• 형해화 hyeonghaehwa — reduction to an empty shell
• 타성 taseong — force of habit / rut
• 도태 dotae — being weeded out
• 파급력 pageupnyeok — ripple power / impact
• 분별력 bunbyeollyeok — discernment
• 응집력 eungjimnyeok — cohesion
• 원심력 wonsimnyeok — centrifugal force
• 축 chuk — axis / pivot
• 내막 naemak — inside story
• 속셈 sokssem — hidden calculation
• 빌미 bilmi — pretext
• 고육책 goyukchaek — desperate last resort
• 차선책 chaseonchaek — second-best option
• 방책 bangchaek — plan of action
• 수칙 suchik — code of conduct / rules
• 기준점 gijunjeom — reference point
• 임계점 imgyejeom — critical point / threshold
• 기로 giro — crossroads
• 변곡점 byeon-gokjeom — inflection point
• 저점 jeojeom — trough / low point
• 편차 pyeoncha — deviation / variation
• 낙폭 nakpok — extent of decline
• 증폭 jeungpok — amplification
• 침투 chimtu — penetration
• 이식 isik — transplantation (of a system)
• 토착화 tochakwa — indigenization
• 현지화 hyeonjihwa — localization
• 보편화 bopyeonhwa — becoming universal
• 일상화 ilsanghwa — becoming routine
• 만성화 manseonghwa — becoming chronic
• 단절 danjeol — severance / rupture
• 행태 haengtae — behavior pattern (pejorative)
• 작태 jaktae — disgraceful conduct
• 처사 cheosa — handling / treatment
• 선제 seonje — preemption
• 미연 miyeon — beforehand (preventively)
• 예방책 yebangchaek — preventive measure
• 재발 jaebal — recurrence
• 통상 tongsang — ordinarily / trade
• 이례적 iryejeok — exceptional / unusual
• 억압 eogap — oppression
• 탄압 tanap — crackdown / repression
• 해방 haebang — liberation
• 자율 jayul — autonomy
• 타율 tayul — heteronomy / external control
• 종속 jongsok — subordination / dependency
• 고립 gorip — isolation
• 공존 gongjon — coexistence
• 상생 sangsaeng — mutual flourishing
• 호혜 hohye — reciprocity
• 공생 gongsaeng — symbiosis
• 각축 gakchuk — fierce rivalry
• 형국 hyeongguk — the shape of a situation
• 논구하다 non-guhada — to argue out / investigate discursively
• 천명 cheonmyeong — public declaration
• 일갈하다 ilgalhada — to rebuke loudly
• 중언부언 jung-eonbueon — redundant repetition
• 지리멸렬 jirimyeollyeol — incoherent disintegration
• 자명하다 jamyeonghada — to be self-evident
• 불분명하다 bulbunmyeonghada — to be unclear
• 미흡하다 miheupada — to be insufficient
• 빈번하다 binbeonhada — to be frequent
• 희박하다 huibakada — to be slim / thin
• 지대하다 jidaehada — to be immense
• 미미하다 mimihada — to be negligible
• 막대하다 makdaehada — to be enormous
• 극심하다 geuksimhada — to be extreme / severe
• 심대하다 simdaehada — to be grave and far-reaching
• 지난하다 jinanhada — to be arduous
• 요원하다 yowonhada — to be far off
• 절실하다 jeolsilhada — to be keenly needed
• 시급하다 sigeupada — to be urgent
• 부당하다 budanghada — to be unjust
• 정당하다 jeongdanghada — to be legitimate
• 온당하다 ondanghada — to be proper / fair
• 무방하다 mubanghada — to be permissible / no harm
• 가당찮다 gadangchanta — to be preposterous
• 무색하다 musaekada — to be put to shame / rendered meaningless
• 무색무취 musaengmuchwi — colorless and odorless / bland
• 불가피하다 bulgapihada — to be inevitable
• 불가결하다 bulgagyeolhada — to be indispensable
• 긴요하다 ginyohada — to be vital
• 가혹하다 gahokada — to be harsh
• 냉엄하다 naeng-eomhada — to be stern and cold
• 엄정하다 eomjeonghada — to be strict and fair
• 치밀하다 chimilhada — to be meticulous
• 허술하다 heosulhada — to be lax / full of holes
• 방만하다 bangmanhada — to be loose / profligate
• 경직되다 gyeongjikdoeda — to become rigid
• 유연하다 yuyeonhada — to be flexible
• 미온적 mionjeok — lukewarm
• 회의적 hoeuijeok — skeptical
• 관용적 gwanyongjeok — tolerant / idiomatic
• 규범적 gyubeomjeok — normative
• 기술적 gisuljeok — descriptive / technical
• 선험적 seonheomjeok — a priori
• 경험적 gyeongheomjeok — empirical
• 사변적 sabyeonjeok — speculative (philosophically)
• 실천적 silcheonjeok — practical
• 자의적 jauijeok — arbitrary
• 타의적 tauijeok — imposed by others
• 우발적 ubaljeok — accidental / spontaneous
• 의도적 uidojeok — deliberate
• 부작위 bujagwi — omission (failure to act)
• 작위 jagwi — commission (positive act)
• 정상참작 jeongsangchamjak — consideration of mitigating circumstances
• 양형 yanghyeong — sentencing
• 선고 seon-go — pronouncement of sentence
• 각하 gaka — dismissal (of a case)
• 기각 gigak — rejection (on the merits)
• 인용재결 inyongjaegyeol — ruling in favor
• 합의체 hapuiche — collegiate panel
• 직권 jikgwon — ex officio authority
• 재량 jaeryang — discretion
• 오남용 onamyong — misuse and abuse
• 자정능력 jajeongneungnyeok — capacity for self-correction
• 내부고발 naebugobal — whistleblowing
• 유착 yuchak — collusive ties
• 청탁 cheongtak — improper solicitation
• 이권 igwon — vested profit interest
• 횡령 hoengnyeong — embezzlement
• 배임 baeim — breach of trust
• 탈세 talse — tax evasion
• 추징 chujing — additional collection / forfeiture
• 환수 hwansu — clawback / recovery
• 몰수 molsu — confiscation
• 실효 silhyo — lapse / loss of effect
• 존폐 jonpye — survival or abolition
• 명운 myeong-un — fate / destiny (of an entity)
• 사활 sahwal — life or death (stakes)
• 구태 gutae — old ways / outdated practice
• 화두성 hwaduseong — topicality
• 시의성 siuiseong — timeliness
• 당면 dangmyeon — immediate / facing at present
• 산적 sanjeok — piled up (of tasks)
• 누란 nuran — precarious peril
• 백척간두 baekcheokgandu — on the brink
• 노정하다 nojeonghada — to expose (a flaw)
• 잠복하다 jambokada — to lie latent
• 표면화 pyomyeonhwa — surfacing
• 내홍 naehong — internal strife
• 알력 allyeok — friction between parties
• 반목 banmok — mutual antagonism
• 화합 hwahap — harmony / reconciliation
• 동질감 dongjilgam — sense of sameness
• 심연 simyeon — abyss
• 나락 narak — the depths / perdition
• 질곡 jilgok — shackles / bondage
• 속박 sokbak — bondage / restraint
• 경색 gyeongsaek — freezing up / seizure
• 여진 yeojin — aftershock
• 파문 pamun — ripples / scandal
• 일파만파 ilpamanpa — spreading uncontrollably
• 함몰 hammol — collapse inward / being absorbed
• 매몰 maemol — burial / sunk (cost)
• 돌파구 dolpagu — breakthrough
• 물꼬 mulkko — opening of a channel / start
• 이정표 ijeongpyo — milestone
• 귀추주목 gwichujumok — attention on the outcome
• 관측통 gwancheuktong — observers / informed sources
• 정설 jeongseol — established theory
• 속설 sokseol — popular belief
• 이설 iseol — dissenting account
• 억측 eokcheuk — unfounded conjecture
• 추측성 chucheukseong — speculative (of reporting)
• 단정 danjeong — flat assertion
• 유보 yubo — reservation / withholding
• 일축 ilchuk — summary dismissal
• 묵시적 muksijeok — implicit / tacit
• 명시적 myeongsijeok — explicit
• 잠언 jameon — aphorism / proverb
• 경구 gyeonggu — epigram
• 격언 gyeogeon — maxim
• 일화 ilhwa — anecdote
• 회고록 hoegorok — memoir
• 평전 pyeongjeon — critical biography
• 논고 non-go — treatise / closing argument
• 소고 sogo — brief study (humble)
• 시론 siron — tentative essay / current-affairs commentary
• 총론 chongnon — general remarks / overview
• 각론 gangnon — specifics / detailed discussion
• 서론 seoron — introduction (of a paper)
• 결론부 gyeollonbu — concluding section
• 부연 buyeon — elaboration
• 요약본 yoyakbon — abridged version
• 발췌 balchwe — excerpt
• 주석 juseok — annotation / footnote
• 색인 saegin — index
• 개정판 gaejeongpan — revised edition
• 초판 chopan — first edition
• 절판 jeolpan — out of print
• 역주 yeokju — translator's notes
• 원전 wonjeon — original text
• 번역투 beonyeoktu — translationese
• 어법 eobeop — usage / grammar
• 문해력 munhaeryeok — literacy
• 구어체 gueoche — colloquial style
• 문어체 muneoche — literary/written style
• 경어법 gyeong-eobeop — honorific system
• 어원 eowon — etymology
• 다의성 dauiseong — polysemy
• 중의성 jung-uiseong — ambiguity (of a sentence)
• 어감 eogam — nuance of a word
• 뉘앙스 nwiangseu — nuance
• 화용 hwayong — pragmatics / usage in context
• 담화 damhwa — discourse (linguistic)
• 화행 hwahaeng — speech act
• 함의성 hamuiseong — implicational quality
• 논변 nonbyeon — argumentation
• 정연하다 jeong-yeonhada — to be orderly and coherent
• 일목요연 ilmogyoyeon — clear at a glance
• 명료하다 myeongnyohada — to be lucid
• 장황하다 janghwanghada — to be long-winded
• 간명하다 ganmyeonghada — to be terse and clear
• 난해하다 nanhaehada — to be abstruse
• 평이하다 pyeong-ihada — to be plain and easy
• 심오하다 simohada — to be profound
• 천박하다 cheonbakada — to be shallow / vulgar
• 피상적 pisangjeok — superficial
• 심층적 simcheungjeok — in-depth
• 다각적 dagakjeok — multifaceted
• 입체적 ipchejeok — three-dimensional / well-rounded
• 평면적 pyeongmyeonjeok — flat / one-dimensional
• 도식적 dosikjeok — schematic / formulaic
• 상투적 sangtujeok — clichéd
• 참신하다 chamsinhada — to be fresh and novel
• 진부하다 jinbuhada — to be trite
• 탁월하다 tagwolhada — to be outstanding
• 미숙하다 misukada — to be immature / unskilled
• 노회하다 nohoehada — to be wily and seasoned
• 우직하다 ujikada — to be simple and steadfast
• 명민하다 myeongminhada — to be sharp-witted
• 우매하다 umaehada — to be foolish and ignorant
• 무지몽매 mujimongmae — ignorance and benightedness
• 계몽 gyemong — enlightenment
• 몽매 mongmae — benightedness
• 잔상 jansang — afterimage
• 속단 sokdan — hasty conclusion
• 고심 gosim — agonized deliberation
• 번민 beonmin — anguished worry
• 고뇌 gonoe — agony of mind
• 번뇌 beonnoe — worldly torment (Buddhist)
• 해탈 haetal — spiritual liberation
• 구도 gudo — seeking the way / composition
• 수양 suyang — self-cultivation
• 방종 bangjong — license / unrestraint
• 탐닉 tamnik — indulgence
• 금욕 geumyok — asceticism
• 탐욕 tamyok — greed
• 지조 jijo — integrity of principle
• 절개 jeolgae — fidelity / constancy
• 충절 chungjeol — loyal devotion
• 결기 gyeolgi — surge of resolve
• 관용어 gwanyong-eo — idiom
• 촌평 chonpyeong — brief comment
• 공명 gongmyeong — resonance / sympathy
• 감화 gamhwa — moral influence
• 교화 gyohwa — moral edification / rehabilitation
• 체벌 chebeol — corporal punishment
• 학업성취 hageopseongchwi — academic achievement
• 공교육 gonggyoyuk — public education
• 서열화 seoyeolhwa — ranking / hierarchization
• 평준화 pyeongjunhwa — equalization
• 수월성 suwolseong — excellence (in education)
• 거버넌스 geobeoneonseu — governance
• 공청회 gongcheonghoe — public hearing
• 심의 simui — deliberation (of a body)
• 자문 jamun — advisory consultation
• 시책 sichaek — policy measure
• 역점 yeokjeom — emphasis / priority focus
• 표제어 pyojeeo — headword / entry term
• 논제 nonje — thesis topic / proposition for debate
• 반명제 banmyeongje — antithesis
• 종합명제 jonghammyeongje — synthesis (proposition)
• 논증력 nonjeungnyeok — argumentative force
• 반사실적 bansasiljeok — counterfactual
• 귀납적 gwinapjeok — inductive
• 연역적 yeonyeokjeok — deductive
• 정합적 jeonghapjeok — coherent
• 환원주의 hwanwonjuui — reductionism
• 상대주의 sangdaejuui — relativism
• 실용주의 siryongjuui — pragmatism
• 권위주의 gwonwijuui — authoritarianism
• 온정주의 onjeongjuui — paternalism
• 성과주의 seonggwajuui — performance-first doctrine
• 형식주의 hyeongsikjuui — formalism
• 이기주의 igijuui — egoism
• 허무주의 heomujuui — nihilism
• 공리주의 gongnijuui — utilitarianism
• 자유주의 jayujuui — liberalism
• 보편주의 bopyeonjuui — universalism
• 회의주의 hoeuijuui — skepticism (doctrine)
• 낙관주의 nakgwanjuui — optimism (doctrine)
• 숙명론 sungmyeongnon — fatalism
• 결정론 gyeoljeongnon — determinism
• 목적론 mokjeongnon — teleology
• 구조주의 gujojuui — structuralism
• 해체 haeche — deconstruction / dismantling
• 수사 susa — rhetoric
• 허점 heojeom — flaw / weak point
• 배상 baesang — compensation (for damage)
• 보상 bosang — compensation / reward
• 알고리즘 algorijeum — algorithm
• 논평 nonpyeong — commentary
• 사설 saseol — editorial
• 기고 gigo — contributed article
• 제보 jebo — tip-off
• 정황 jeonghwang — circumstantial situation
• 혐의 hyeomui — suspicion / charge
• 역량강화 yeongnyangganghwa — capacity building
• 진척 jincheok — progress
• 성사 seongsa — successful conclusion
• 사후 sahu — after the fact / ex post
• 고의 goui — intent (legal)
• 과실 gwasil — negligence
• 미필적 mipiljeok — dolus eventualis / contingent (intent)
• 남용 namyong — abuse (of a right)